Scientific Publications – Climate

Peer-reviewed publications

  1. V. M. Velasco Herrera, W. Soon, S. Knoška, A. Özgüç, G. Velasco Herrera, H. Yeşilyaprak, N. Babynets, M. Švanda, J. Muraközy, S. Qiu, D. Riveros-Rosas, R. Connolly, M. Connolly, A. Tlatov, L. Cappellotto (2025). “Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024’s Major Solar Storm Events”. Space Weather, 23:11, e2025SW004515. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025SW004515
  2. Ronan Connolly, Willie Soon, Michael Connolly, Rodolfo Gustavo Cionco, Ana G. Elias, Gregory W. Henry, Nicola Scafetta, and Víctor M. Velasco Herrera (2024). Multiple New or Updated Satellite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Composites (1978–2023). The Astrophysical Journal, 975 (1), 102, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7794. (Open access).
  3. Michael Connolly, Orla Dingley, Ronan Connolly, Willie Soon (2024). Comparing different tropopause estimates from high-resolution ozonesondes. Earth and Space Science. 11 (5), e2024EA003584. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003584. (Open access).
  4. W. Soon, R. Connolly, M. Connolly, S.-I. Akasofu, S. Baliunas, J. Berglund, A. Bianchini, W.M. Briggs, C.J. Butler, R.G. Cionco, M. Crok, A.G. Elias, V.M. Fedorov, F. Gervais, H. Harde, G.W. Henry, D.V. Hoyt, O. Humlum, D.R. Legates, A.R. Lupo, S. Maruyama, P. Moore, M. Ogurtsov, C. ÓhAiseadha, M.J. Oliveira, S.-S. Park, S. Qiu, G. Quinn, N. Scafetta, J.-E. Solheim, J. Steele, L. Szarka, H.L. Tanaka, M.K. Taylor, F. Vahrenholt, V.M. Velasco Herrera and W. Zhang (2023). “The Detection and Attribution of Northern Hemisphere Land Surface Warming (1850–2018) in Terms of Human and Natural Factors: Challenges of Inadequate Data”, Climate, 11(9), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11090179. (Open access).
  5. R. Connolly, W. Soon, M. Connolly, S. Baliunas, J. Berglund, C.J. Butler, R.G. Cionco, A.G. Elias, V. Fedorov, H. Harde, G.W. Henry, D.V. Hoyt, O. Humlum, D.R. Legates, N. Scafetta, J.-E. Solheim, L. Szarka, V.M. Velasco Herrera, H. Yan and W.J. Zhang (2023). “Challenges in the detection and attribution of Northern Hemisphere surface temperature trends since 1850”. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 23, 105015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/acf18e. Supplementary Materials. Pre-print version.
  6. G. Katata, R. Connolly and P. O’Neill (2023). Evidence of urban blending in homogenized temperature records in Japan and in the United States: implications for the reliability of global land surface air temperature data. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 62 (8), 1095-1114. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-22-0122.1. Pre-print version.
  7. V.M. Velasco Herrera, W. Soon, Š. Knoška, J.A. Perez-Peraza, R.G. Cionco, S.M. Kudryavtsev, S. Qiu, R. Connolly, M. Connolly, M. Švanda, J. Acosta Jara & G. Pietro Gregori (2022). The New Composite Solar Flare Index from Solar Cycle 17 to Cycle 24 (1937 – 2020). Solar Physics 297, 108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-022-02035-z. Read-only access to full article. Pre-print version. Supplementary Materials.
  8. O. Dingley, M. Connolly, R. Connolly and W. Soon (2022). A comparison of different metrics for analyzing the troposphere/stratosphere transitions using high-resolution ozonesondes. Environmental Science Proceedings, 19, 14. Proceedings of The 5th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecas2022-12807. (Open access).
  9. P. O’Neill, Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, W. Soon, B. Chimani, M. Crok, R. de Vos, H. Harde, P. Kajaba, P. Nojarov, R. Przybylak, D. Rasol, Oleg Skrynyk, Olesya Skrynyk, P. Štěpánek, A. Wypych and P. Zahradníček (2022). Evaluation of the homogenization adjustments applied to European temperature records in the Global Historical Climatology Network dataset. Atmosphere 13(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020285. (Open access).
  10. M. Connolly, Ronan Connolly, Willie Soon, Víctor M. Velasco Herrera, Rodolfo Gustavo Cionco and Nancy E. Quaranta (2021). Analyzing atmospheric circulation patterns using mass fluxes calculated from weather balloon measurements: North Atlantic region as a case study. Atmosphere 12(11), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111439. (Open access).
  11. Ronan Connolly, W. Soon, M. Connolly, S. Baliunas, J. Berglund, C. J. Butler, R. G. Cionco, A. G. Elias, V. M. Fedorov, H. Harde, G. W. Henry, D. V. Hoyt, O. Humlum, D. R. Legates, S. Lüning, N. Scafetta, J.-E. Solheim, L. Szarka, H. van Loon, V. M. Velasco Herrera, R. C. Willson, H. Yan and W. Zhang (2021). How much has the Sun influenced Northern Hemisphere temperature trends? An ongoing debate. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 21, 131. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/21/6/131. (Open access). Supplementary Materials available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7088728.
  12. C. ÓhAiseadha, G. Quinn, Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly and W. Soon. Energy and climate policy — An evaluation of global climate change expenditure 2011–2018. Energies, 13, 4839. Link to journal page (Open access).
  13. Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, R.M. Carter and W. Soon (2020). How much human-caused global warming should we expect with business-as-usual (BAU) climate policies? A semi-empirical assessment. Energies, 13, 1365. Link to journal page (Open access).
  14. W.W-H. Soon, Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, P. O’Neill, J. Zheng, Q. Ge, Z. Hao and H. Yan (2019). Reply to Li & Yang’s comments on “Comparing the current and early 20th century warm periods in China”. Earth-Science Reviews, 189, 102950. Link to journal page. (paywalled). Link to pre-print.
  15. Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, W. Soon, D.R. Legates, R.G. Cionco and V. M. Velasco Herrera (2019). Northern hemisphere snow-cover trends (1967-2018): A comparison between climate models and observations. Geosciences, 9(3), 135. Link to journal page (Open access).
  16. W.W-H. Soon, Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, P. O’Neill, J. Zheng, Q. Ge, Z. Hao and H. Yan (2018). Comparing the current and early 20th century warm periods in China. Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 80-101. Link to journal page (paywalled). Link to pre-print.
  17. Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly and W. Soon (2017). Re-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature records. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 62, 1317-1340. Link to journal page (Free access awarded to this article by the journal).
  18. W. Soon, Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2015). Re-evaluating the role of solar variability on Northern Hemisphere temperature trends since the 19th century. Earth-Science Reviews, 150, 409-452. Link to journal page (paywalled). Link to pre-print.

Note: A Hungarian translation of Ronan Connolly et al. (2021, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics), has also been published in the journal, Geomatikai Közlemények:

  • Connolly R, Soon W, Connolly M, Baliunas S, Berglund J, Butler CJ, Cionco R G, Elias A G, Fedorov V M, Harde H, Henry G W, Hoyt D V, Humlum, O, Legates D R, Lüning S, Scafetta N, Solheim J-E, Szarka L, van Loon H, Velasco Herrera V M, Willson R C, Yan H, Zhang W: Mennyire befolyásolja a Nap az északi félteke hőmérsékletének alakulását? A jelenleg zajló vita. A Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics (Vol. 21, No. 6, 131, 68 pp, 2021) tanulmány magyar fordítása (a RAA engedélyével), Geomatikai Közlemények, XXIV. kötet, 45-127. oldal, 2021. Link to pdf.

Book chapters

  • Willie Soon, Ronan Connolly and Michael Connolly (2024). “The Unreliability of Current Global Temperature and Solar Activity Estimates and Its Implications for the Attribution of Global Warming”. Special Report No. 305 for The Heritage Foundation. December 2024. pp 35. PDF.
  • Michael Connolly, Ronan Connolly and Willie Soon (2024). “The Role of the Sun”. Chapter 5 in “Climate and Energy: The Case for Realism” (2024), edited by E. Calvin Beisner and David R. Legates. Regnery Publications. ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1684512676.

Non peer-reviewed publications

  • Willie Soon, Ronan Connolly and others (2021). “‘Fact Checks’ by Non-Experts Are Shutting Down Genuine Scientific Inquiry”. The Epoch Times, 22 September 2021. Link to article.
  • M. Connolly, Ronan Connolly, W. Soon, P. Moore and I. Connolly (2018). Analysis of Greenpeace’s business model & philosophy: Greenpeace wants a piece of your green. Link to pdf. Available from Researchgate at http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21273.53607.
  • Ronan Connolly, M. Connolly, I. Connolly and W. Soon (2017). Some key climate infographics. Prepared for the Heartland’s 12th International Conference on Climate Change, March 23-24, 2017, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Link to pdf.
  • M. Connolly and Ronan Connolly (2017). Scientific opinions on climate change. Irish Farmers Journal, 17 June 2017, p30-31 (Paywalled). Link to unedited version.
  • M. Connolly, Ronan Connolly and I. Connolly (2014). Yellow River wind farm: Assessment of Environmental Impact Statement. Link to pdf.

In 2014, my father (Dr. Michael Connolly) and I published 8 articles on a website we set up called Open Peer Review Journal. The website is a new approach to open peer review where anybody can register and provide review comments on a given article. Articles are “living” and can be updated by the authors as new comments are made.

  • Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2014). Urbanization bias III. Estimating the extent of bias in the Historical Climatology Network datasets. Open Peer Review Journal, 34 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/34. Link to pdf.
  • Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2014). Urbanization bias II. An assessment of the NASA GISS urbanization adjustment method. Open Peer Review Journal, 31 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/31. Link to pdf.
  • Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2014). Urbanization bias I. Is it a negligible problem for global temperature estimates? Open Peer Review Journal, 28 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.2 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/28. Link to pdf.
  • M. Connolly and Ronan Connolly (2014). The physics of the Earth’s atmosphere III. Pervective power. Open Peer Review Journal, 25 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/25. Link to pdf.
  • M. Connolly and Ronan Connolly (2014). The physics of the Earth’s atmosphere II. Multimerization of atmospheric gases above the troposphere. Open Peer Review Journal, 22 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/22. Link to pdf.
  • M. Connolly and Ronan Connolly (2014). The physics of the Earth’s atmosphere I. Phase change associated with tropopause. Open Peer Review Journal, 19 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft) http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/19. Link to pdf.
  • Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2014). Global temperature changes of the last millennium. Open Peer Review Journal, 16 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 1.0 http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/16. Link to pdf.
  • Ronan Connolly and M. Connolly (2014). Has poor station quality biased U.S. temperature trend estimates? Open Peer Review Journal, 11 (Clim. Sci.), ver. 0.1 (non peer reviewed draft). http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/11. Link to pdf.

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